The Model T:
What a Car!
Whether the
Model T or A, or subsequent models, Henry Ford’s cars did much to shape life in
the twentieth century. For the farmer, county agents now made visits to even isolated
farms and rendered scientific advice in an effort to improve crops and agrarian
prosperity.81 The automobile was now used to distribute the mail to
rural areas, thus vastly improving communications. Farm folk had access to
hospitals and other medical facilities. Families no longer had to rely on
crossroad stores, but could shop in towns, and even do comparison shopping. For
city folk, the changes were no less dramatic. The city became reconfigured,
with the rise of new suburbs, and in more recent times, exurbs. Retail trade
moved from center city to suburbs, which witnessed the rise of shopping centers
and supermarkets. A number of key industries burgeoned due to the demand for
materials used in automobile production:
steel, glass, textiles, electronics, and rubber. Relationships within
tradition of family structures changed, as youth sought freedom behind the
wheel.82 And with the Ford automobile, America became a nation on
wheels. Family vacations, and trips to parks, now became far more commonplace.
The highway
was now a place for adventure, for both men and women, as exemplified in the
journals of Rose Wilder Lane and Helen Dore Boylston. The pair traveled from
Paris to Albania in a Model T Ford during the mid-1920s and left a remarkable
written account. As they would assert, the hero of the trip was neither one of
the women, but the car itself, named Zenobia. The maroon Ford was described as
“a wonder. She went up all those frightful curving mountain roads like a bird.”83
It was an eloquent appraisal of a mass produced car whose very name implied
that it was a living thing.
Despite all
of the critiques leveled at Ford, his company, and mass production, his machine
was simply remarkable.69 Its dashboard had a gasoline gauge,
speedometer, oil gauge (there was no dipstick) temperature indicator, and
odometer. To start the car one put on the hand brake, got out of the car,
reached below the radiator and turned the crank, and hopefully the engine would
come to life after a cough and sputter. The car had two gears, high and low,
and instead of a gear shift one had a foot pedal, which the driver pushed down
for low and released for high. To go to neutral, one pushed the pedal halfway.
To stop the car, one pushed the gear pedal halfway while at the same time
pushing down on the brake. There was no accelerator pedal; rather, there was a
lever on the steering column that when pushed, gave more gas. There was also a
spark lever that often did little unless in the wrong position, which then
caused a loud and embarrassing backfire. To engage reverse there was a third
foot pedal. Depressed with either foot, you backed up. Steering was stiff, and
the wheel itself abruptly snapped back to its original position when one
released tension on it. One final note on the Model T: the four-door version
actually had only three doors, with the driver’s side door not a door at all –
it did not open. The contours of the door were merely stamped on the body at
the factory. Entering the car from the left side required climbing over the
fake door. In sum, with the Model T rural Americans no longer saw the car as a
devil wagon, but rather as transportation technology that could meet and be
modified for their varied needs.70
The Model T
was also a machine that was unique to the individual who owned it, and thus a
personal relationship invariably followed. John Steinbeck wrote this about a
car that he did not name, but called “IT:”
I
think I loved that car more than any I have ever had. It understood me. It had
an intelligence not exactly malicious, but it did love a practical
joke. . . . When I consider how much time it took to keep
IT running, I wonder if there was time for anything else, and maybe there
wasn’t. The Model T was not a car as we know them now – it was a person – crotchety
and mean, frolicsome and full of jokes – just when you were ready to kill
yourself, it would run five miles with no gasoline whatever. I understood IT,
but as I have said before, IT understood me, too. It magnified some of my
faults, corrected others. It worked on the sin of impatience; it destroyed the
sin of vanity. And it helped to establish an almost Oriental philosophy of
acceptance.71
Simple and
sturdy, with a high ground clearance, the T was easily repaired by any
mechanic-farmer possessing only a few hand tools. If the radiator sprung a
leak, you added an egg to stop fluid loss. The Model T was a car one generation
removed from America’s consumer society. At least in 1913, it was sold before
there were many dealers with service repair facilities. Responsibility for
maintenance and repairs fell to the owner, and in reviewing an early Model T
owner’s manual, it is astonishing to note what one was expected to perform on
these vehicles.72 For example, every 100 miles, the spindle bolt and
steering ball should be oiled; at 200 miles, oil had to be applied to the front
and rear spring hangers, the hub brake cam, and the commutator; other service
had to be performed at 500 and 600 miles. The sophistication and difficulty of
repairs is also a surprise to the modern automobile owner. Work described in
the section “How to Run the Model T Ford,” included valve grinding, carburetor
overhaul, clutch adjustment, the removal of cylinder head and transmission
bands, the removal of front and rear axles, and the adjustment of connecting
rod bearings. It is no surprise then, that the Model T was the responsible for
a generation of do-it-yourself automobile mechanics. Also, it is quite a
contrast to compare the 1913 manual to that of the Model A’s 1931 Instruction Book that opens with the
statement “Let experienced mechanics make repairs or adjustments. Your car is
too valuable a piece of machinery to place in unskilled hands.”73
The topic
of many jokes, there was also a true admiration for this remarkable machine, early
models of which had to be driven backwards over steep hills because of the
gravity-fed fuel system. In 1915 the first of two volumes about the Model T,
entitled Funny Stories About the Ford,
was published.74 The following are a few excerpts:
The Formula in Poetry
A little spark, a little coil,
A little gas, a little oil,
A piece of tin, a two inch board –
Put them together and you have a
Ford.
The Twenty-third Psalm
The Ford is my auto; I shall not
want another.
It maketh me to lie down beneath
it; it soureth my soul.
It leadeth me into the paths of
ridicule for its namesake.
Yea though I rife through the
valleys I am towed up the hill,
For I fear much evil. Thy rods and
thy engines discomfort me;
I anoint my tires with patches; my
radiator boileth over;
I repair blowouts in the presence
of mine enemies.
Surely, if this thing followeth me
all the days of my life,
I shall dwell in the bug-house
forever.
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